Sociocultural Theory

What is sociocultural theory?

Sociocultural theory is an educational framework that states that social interaction, cultural context, language, and thought are critical for understanding and applying knowledge. Russian psychologist Lev Vygotsky, who introduced sociocultural theory, believed that social interaction, such as conversation, collaborative activity, and observation, is the foundation of cognitive development. We learn through our social interactions with others, and from that learning form the basis of our higher psychological processes. Social interaction helps determine how we think and solve problems independently.

Example: Sociocultural theory informed our organization’s decision to pair new hires with more experienced colleagues to help them learn workplace cultural norms quickly.

The zone of proximal development is a key element of this theory. The ZPD is the prime spot for learning—between what a learner can do on their own and what they can’t do at all. A guide, known in the theory as a “more knowledgeable other,” guides them through that gap to knowledgeable, independent mastery.

How does sociocultural theory apply to workplace learning?

According to sociocultural theory, important learning experiences occur in both formal and informal work interactions. Companies may apply this theory by reinforcing formal course participation with mentoring and hands-on skill building under the supervision of experienced employees, for example. They continue learning through best-practice discussions with peers and through manager feedback or coaching talks. Through these real-world interactions, they observe, practice, and internalize acceptable behaviors and norms more effectively.